<chapter id="gtk-migrating-GtkAction">
  <chapterinfo>
    <author>
      <firstname>Federico</firstname>
      <surname>Mena-Quintero</surname>
      <affiliation>
	<address>
	  <email>federico@ximian.com</email>
	</address>
      </affiliation>
    </author>
  </chapterinfo>

  <title>Migrating from old menu and toolbar systems to GtkAction</title>

  <para>
    Prior to GTK+ 2.4, there were several APIs in use to create menus
    and toolbars.  GTK+ itself included <link
    linkend="GtkItemFactory">GtkItemFactory</link>, which was
    historically used in the GIMP; libgnomeui provided the gnome-ui
    set of macros; libbonoboui provided a complex mechanism to do menu
    merging across embedded components.  GTK+ 2.4 includes a system
    for creating menus and toolbars, with merging of items, based
    around the <link linkend="GtkAction">GtkAction</link> mechanism.
  </para>

  <section id="actions-and-action-groups">
    <title>Actions and Action Groups</title>

    <para>
      A <link linkend="GtkAction">GtkAction</link> represents an
      operation that the user can perform from the menus and toolbars
      of an application.  It is similar to "verbs" in other menu
      systems.  A <link linkend="GtkAction">GtkAction</link> has a
      name, which is its identifier, and it can have several widgets
      that represent it in the user interface.  For example, an action
      for <symbol>EditCopy</symbol> can have a menu item as well as a
      toolbar button associated to it.  If there is nothing selected
      in the document, the application can simply de-sensitize the
      <symbol>EditCopy</symbol> action; this will cause both the menu
      item and the toolbar button to be de-sensitized automatically.
      Similarly, whenever the user selects the menu item or the
      toolbar button associated to the <symbol>EditCopy</symbol>
      action, the corresponding <link
      linkend="GtkAction">GtkAction</link> object will emit an
      "activate" signal.
    </para>

    <para>
      <link linkend="GtkActionGroup">GtkActionGroup</link> is simply a
      group of <link linkend="GtkAction">GtkAction</link> objects.  An
      application may want to have several groups:  one for global
      actions such as "new document", "about", and "exit"; then one
      group for each open document with actions specific to the
      document, such as "cut", "copy", "paste", and "print".
    </para>

    <para>
      Normal actions are simply commands, such as
      <symbol>FileSave</symbol> or <symbol>EditCopy</symbol>.  Toggle
      actions can be active or inactive, such as
      <symbol>FormatBold</symbol> or <symbol>ViewShowRulers</symbol>.
      Radio actions define a set of items for which one and only one
      can be active at a time, for example, {
      <symbol>ViewHighQuality</symbol>,
      <symbol>ViewNormalQuality</symbol>,
      <symbol>ViewLowQuality</symbol> }.
    </para>
  </section>

  <section id="ui-manager">
    <title>User Interface Manager Object</title>

    <para>
      <link linkend="GtkUIManager">GtkUIManager</link> is an object
      that can construct menu and toolbar widgets from an XML
      description.  These widgets are in turn associated to
      corresponding actions and action groups.
    </para>

    <para>
      <link linkend="GtkUIManager">GtkUIManager</link> supports
      merging of menus and toolbars for applications that have
      multiple components, each with separate sets of commands.  For
      example, a word processor that can embed images may want to have
      toolbar buttons for Bold and Italic when the cursor is on a text
      block, but Crop and Brightness/Contrast buttons when the cursor
      is on an image.  These actions, which change depending on the
      state of the application, can be merged and de-merged from a
      <link linkend="GtkUIManager">GtkUIManager</link> as appropriate.
    </para>
  </section>

  <section id="migrating-gnomeuiinfo">
    <title>Migrating from GnomeUIInfo</title>

    <para>
      Prior to GTK+ 2.4, some applications used the GnomeUIInfo
      mechanism from
      <filename>&lt;libgnomeui/gnome-app-helper.h&gt;</filename> to
      define their menus and toolbars.  With it, a program decleres an
      array of <structname>GnomeUIInfo</structname> structures, which
      contain information for menu or toolbar items such as their
      label, icon, and accelerator key.  Then, one calls
      <function>gnome_app_fill_menu()</function> or
      <function>gnome_app_fill_toolbar()</function>, or one of the
      related functions, to create the appropriate widgets based on
      these structures.
    </para>

    <para>
      A downside of this API is that the same structures are used to
      pass back pointers to the widgets that got created.  This means
      that the structures cannot simply be kept around if the program
      requires multiple instances of the user interface (e.g. several
      windows); each new invocation of
      <function>gnome_app_fill_menu()</function> would overwrite the
      widget fields of the structures.
    </para>

    <para>
      Another disadvantage is that there is no automatic way to
      synchronize the state of related controls.  If there are toolbar
      toogle buttons for "Bold", "Italic", "Underline", and also
      corresponding menu items under "Format/Bold", etc., one has to
      synchronize their toggled states by hand whenever the user
      selects any one of them.
    </para>

    <para>
      Finally, there is no way to do menu and toolbar merging for
      applications that require embedded components.
    </para>

    <para>
      To convert an application that uses GnomeUIInfo into the new
      GtkAction mechanism, you need to do several things:
    </para>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
	<para>
	  Separate your existing GnomeUIInfo entries into normal
	  actions, toggle actions, and radio actions, and then create
	  a separate array of <link
	  linkend="GtkActionEntry">GtkActionEntry</link> structures
	  for each group.  This will allow you to create the necessary
	  <link linkend="GtkActionGroup">GtkActionGroup</link>
	  objects.  Note that this does not describe the actual
	  "shape" that your menus and toolbars will have; it simply
	  defines the set of commands that will appear in them.
	</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>
	  Create an XML description of your menus and toolbars for use
	  with <link linkend="GtkUIManager">GtkUIManager</link>.  This
	  defines the actual shape of the menus and toolbars.
	</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
	<para>
	  Port the code that uses gnome-app and gnome-app-helper to
	  <link linkend="GtkAction">GtkAction</link> and <link
	  linkend="GtkUIManager">GtkUIManager</link>.
	</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         If your GnomeUIInfo entries use GNOME_APP_PIXMAP_DATA or 
         GNOME_APP_PIXMAP_FILENAME for pixmaps, you have to create a 
         <link linkend="GtkIconFactory">GtkIconFactory</link>, add it 
         to the list of default factories, then create a 
         <link linkend="GtkIconSet">GtkIconSet</link> for each of your 
         own icons. Add the sets to the factory, and use the id in the 
         <link linkend="GtkActionEntry">GtkActionEntry</link> like a 
         regular GTK+ stock id.
       </para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>

    <example id="gnomeuiinfo-example">
      <title>GnomeUIInfo Example</title>

      <para>
	The following code shows a declaration of a simple menu bar to
	be used with <function>gnome_app_fill_menu()</function> or
	similar.  The menu hierarchy looks like this:
      </para>

      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para><guimenu>File</guimenu></para>
	  <simplelist>
	    <member><guimenuitem>Open</guimenuitem></member>
	    <member><guimenuitem>&mdash;</guimenuitem></member>
	    <member><guimenuitem>Exit</guimenuitem></member>
	  </simplelist>
	</listitem>

	<listitem>
	  <para><guimenu>View</guimenu></para>
	  <simplelist>
	    <member><guimenuitem>Zoom In</guimenuitem></member>
	    <member><guimenuitem>Zoom Out</guimenuitem></member>
	    <member><guimenuitem>&mdash;</guimenuitem></member>
	    <member><guimenuitem>[ ] Full Screen</guimenuitem></member>
	    <member><guimenuitem>&mdash;</guimenuitem></member>
	    <member><guimenuitem>( ) High Quality</guimenuitem></member>
	    <member><guimenuitem>( ) Normal Quality</guimenuitem></member>
	    <member><guimenuitem>( ) Low Quality</guimenuitem></member>
	  </simplelist>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <programlisting>
static GnomeUIInfo file_menu_items[] = {
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ITEM, "_Open", "Open a file",
    open_callback, NULL, NULL, GNOME_APP_PIXMAP_STOCK, GTK_STOCK_OPEN,
    'o', GDK_CONTROL_MASK, NULL },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_SEPARATOR },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ITEM, "E_xit", "Exit the program",
    exit_callback, NULL, NULL, GNOME_APP_PIXMAP_STOCK, GTK_STOCK_QUIT,
    'q', GDK_CONTROL_MASK, NULL},
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ENDOFINFO }
};

static GnomeUIInfo view_radio_items[] = {
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ITEM, "_High Quality", "Display images in high quality, slow mode",
    high_quality_callback, NULL, NULL, GNOME_APP_PIXMAP_FILENAME, "high-quality.png",
    0, 0, NULL },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ITEM, "_Normal Quality", "Display images in normal quality",
    normal_quality_callback, NULL, NULL, GNOME_APP_PIXMAP_FILENAME, "normal-quality.png",
    0, 0, NULL },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ITEM, "_Low Quality", "Display images in low quality, fast mode",
    low_quality_callback, NULL, NULL, GNOME_APP_PIXMAP_FILENAME, "low-quality.png",
    0, 0, NULL },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ENDOFINFO }
};

static GnomeUIInfo view_menu_items[] = {
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ITEM, "Zoom _In", "Zoom into the image",
    zoom_in_callback, NULL, NULL, GNOME_APP_PIXMAP_STOCK, GTK_STOCK_ZOOM_IN,
    GDK_PLUS, 0, NULL },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ITEM, "Zoom _Out", "Zoom away from the image",
    zoom_out_callback, NULL, NULL, GNOME_APP_PIXMAP_STOCK, GTK_STOCK_ZOOM_OUT,
    GDK_MINUS, 0, NULL },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_SEPARATOR },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_TOGGLEITEM, "_Full Screen", "Switch between full screen and windowed mode",
    full_screen_callback, NULL, NULL, GNOME_APP_PIXMAP_NONE, NULL,
    GDK_F11, 0, NULL },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_SEPARATOR },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_RADIOITEMS, NULL, NULL, view_radio_items },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ENDOFINFO }
};

static GnomeUIInfo menubar[] = {
  { GNOME_APP_UI_SUBTREE, "_File", NULL, file_menu_items },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_SUBTREE, "_View", NULL, view_menu_items },
  { GNOME_APP_UI_ENDOFINFO }
}
      </programlisting>
    </example>

    <example id="gnomeuiinfo-action-entries">
      <title><structname>GtkActionEntry</structname> Structures</title>

      <para>
	The following code is the set of actions that are present in
	the <link linkend="gnomeuiinfo-example">previous
	example</link>.  Note that the toggle and radio entries are
	separate from normal actions.  Also, note that <link
	linkend="GtkActionEntry">GtkActionEntry</link> structures take
	key names in the format of gdk_accelerator_parse() rather than
	key values plus modifiers; you will have to convert these
	values by hand.  For example, <constant>GDK_F11</constant>
	with no modifiers is equivalent to a key name of
	<literal>"F11"</literal>.  Likewise, <literal>"o"</literal>
	with <constant>GDK_CONTROL_MASK</constant> is equivalent to
	<literal>"&lt;ontrol&gt;O"</literal>.
      </para>

      <programlisting>
/* Normal items */
static GtkActionEntry entries[] = {
  { "FileMenu", NULL, "_File" },
  { "ViewMenu", NULL, "_View" },
  { "Open", GTK_STOCK_OPEN, "_Open", "&lt;control&gt;O", "Open a file", open_action_callback },
  { "Exit", GTK_STOCK_OPEN, "E_xit", "&lt;control&gt;Q", "Exit the program", exit_action_callback },
  { "ZoomIn", GTK_STOCK_ZOOM_IN, "Zoom _In", "plus", "Zoom into the image", zoom_in_action_callback },
  { "ZoomOut", GTK_STOCK_ZOOM_OUT, "Zoom _Out", "minus", "Zoom away from the image", zoom_out_action_callback },
};

/* Toggle items */
static GtkToggleActionEntry toggle_entries[] = {
  { "FullScreen", NULL, "_Full Screen", "F11", "Switch between full screen and windowed mode", full_screen_action_callback, FALSE }
};

/* Radio items */
static GtkRadioActionEntry radio_entries[] = {
  { "HighQuality", "my-stock-high-quality", "_High Quality", NULL, "Display images in high quality, slow mode", 0 },
  { "NormalQuality", "my-stock-normal-quality", "_Normal Quality", NULL, "Display images in normal quality", 1 },
  { "LowQuality", "my-stock-low-quality", "_Low Quality", NULL, "Display images in low quality, fast mode", 2 }
};
      </programlisting>
    </example>

    <example id="gnomeuiinfo-xml">
      <title>XML Description</title>

      <para>
	After extracting the actions, you will need to create an XML
	description of the actual layout of your menus and toolbars
	for use with <link linkend="GtkUIManager">GtkUIManager</link>.
	The following code shows a simple menu bar that corresponds to
	the <link linkend="gnomeuiinfo-example">previous
	example</link>.  Note that the <guimenu>File</guimenu> and
	<guimenu>View</guimenu> menus have their names specified in
	the <link linkend="gnomeuiinfo-action-entries">action
	entries</link>, not in the XML itself.  This is because the
	XML description only contains <emphasis>identifiers</emphasis>
	for the items in the GUI, rather than human-readable names.
      </para>

      <programlisting>
static const char *ui_description =
"&lt;ui&gt;"
"  &lt;menubar name='MainMenu'&gt;"
"    &lt;menu action='FileMenu'&gt;"
"      &lt;menuitem action='Open'/&gt;"
"      &lt;menuitem action='Exit'/&gt;"
"    &lt;/menu&gt;"
"    &lt;menu action='ViewMenu'&gt;"
"      &lt;menuitem action='ZoomIn'/&gt;"
"      &lt;menuitem action='ZoomOut'/&gt;"
"      &lt;separator/&gt;"
"      &lt;menuitem action='FullScreen'/&gt;"
"      &lt;separator/&gt;"
"      &lt;menuitem action='HighQuality'/&gt;"
"      &lt;menuitem action='NormalQuality'/&gt;"
"      &lt;menuitem action='LowQuality'/&gt;"
"    &lt;/menu&gt;"
"  &lt;/menubar&gt;"
"&lt;/ui&gt;";
      </programlisting>
    </example>

    <example id="gnomeuiinfo-code">
      <title>Creating the Menu Bar</title>

      <para>
	In this last example, we will create a <link
	linkend="GtkActionGroup">GtkActionGroup</link> based on the
	<link linkend="gnomeuiinfo-action-entries">action
	entries</link> we created above.  We will then create a <link
	linkend="GtkUIManager">GtkUIManager</link> with the <link
	linkend="gnomeuiinfo-xml">XML description</link> of the menu
	layout.  We will also extract the accelerator group and the
	widgets from the <link
	linkend="GtkUIManager">GtkUIManager</link> put them into a
	window.
      </para>

      <programlisting>
GtkWidget *window;
GtkWidget *vbox;
GtkWidget *menubar;
GtkActionGroup *action_group;
GtkUIManager *ui_manager;
GtkAccelGroup *accel_group;
GError *error;

register_my_stock_icons ();

window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);

vbox = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), vbox);

action_group = gtk_action_group_new ("MenuActions");
gtk_action_group_add_actions (action_group, entries, G_N_ELEMENTS (entries), window);
gtk_action_group_add_toggle_actions (action_group, toggle_entries, G_N_ELEMENTS (toggle_entries), window);
gtk_action_group_add_radio_actions (action_group, radio_entries, G_N_ELEMENTS (radio_entries), 0, radio_action_callback, window);

ui_manager = gtk_ui_manager_new ();
gtk_ui_manager_insert_action_group (ui_manager, action_group, 0);

accel_group = gtk_ui_manager_get_accel_group (ui_manager);
gtk_window_add_accel_group (GTK_WINDOW (window), accel_group);

error = NULL;
if (!gtk_ui_manager_add_ui_from_string (ui_manager, ui_description, -1, &amp;error))
  {
    g_message ("building menus failed: %s", error-&gt;message);
    g_error_free (error);
    exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

menubar = gtk_ui_manager_get_widget (ui_manager, "/MainMenu");
gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (vbox), menubar, FALSE, FALSE, 0);

gtk_widget_show_all (window);
      </programlisting>
    </example>

    <example id="gnomeuiinfo-icons">
      <title>Registering the icons</title>

      <para>
	Here we show how the register_my_stock_icons() function
        used in the previous example could look like.
      </para>

      <programlisting>
static struct { 
  gchar *filename;
  gchar *stock_id;
} stock_icons[] = {
  { "high-quality.png", "my-stock-high-quality" },
  { "normal-quality.png", "my-stock-normal-quality" },
  { "low-quality.png", "my-stock-low-quality" },
};
 
static gint n_stock_icons = G_N_ELEMENTS (stock_icons);

static void
register_my_stock_icons (void)
{
   GtkIconFactory *icon_factory;
   GtkIconSet *icon_set; 
   GtkIconSource *icon_source;
   gint i;

   icon_factory = gtk_icon_factory_new ();
   
   for (i = 0; i &lt; n_stock_icons; i++) 
    {
      icon_set = gtk_icon_set_new ();
      icon_source = gtk_icon_source_new ();
      gtk_icon_source_set_filename (icon_source, stock_icons[i].filename);
      gtk_icon_set_add_source (icon_set, icon_source);
      gtk_icon_source_free (icon_source);
      gtk_icon_factory_add (icon_factory, stock_icons[i].stock_id, icon_set);
      gtk_icon_set_unref (icon_set);
    }

   gtk_icon_factory_add_default (icon_factory); 

   g_object_unref (icon_factory);
}
      </programlisting>
    </example>

  </section>

</chapter>

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